So you hit 50
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EDIT 1: One thing I want to point out as well is that this was intended to be for someone hitting 50 and wanting to prepare for raiding/Operations. I don talk about Ops as a gearing method at all, since this is prep for that.
EDIT 2: Added my suggestions on End Game gear progression (in conclusion) and refined some descriptions,
cards against humanty.
Ilum and Belsavis Dailies This is probably the most significant source of pre raid PvE gearing available right now. Well, at least the most consistent. Once you complete your story quest you be able to start the Ilum chain. I highly recommend doing this, as well as the Belsavis Bonus Series (at 50). Ilum has about 6 dailies (1 is heroic) and Belsavis has about 6 as well (2 heroics). Between the Daily Commendations you get from these, as well as the quest rewards, you should be able to buy an Epic Armoring/Hilt/Barrell, and you get an Epic Enhancement, Mod, and Companion Weapon from the quests. That means that doing your Belsavis and Ilum dailies basically gets you a piece of epic gear per day with the rewards. This is a must do for PvE gear. It also gets your companions pretty geared out because of the repeatable quest that gets them a moddable level 50 weapon.
Hard Mode Flashpoints The way these work is that the bosses up to the final boss will drop epic gear, and the final boss will drop a class token. All bosses will also drop Tionese Crystals, which are used in conjunction with other commendations to purchase epic PvE gear from the Tionese vendor on the Fleet. The Hard Mode Flashpoint Effort to Reward is kinda fucked right now, but here a quick suggestion:
Black Talon This is pretty easy, even for fresh 50s.
Boarding Party Semi long instance with challenging final boss,
words against humanity?. Poor reward for time invested,
cards against humanity expansion.
The Foundry Last boss is no longer bugged. 2nd boss is semi difficult.
Directive 7 Straight forward and alot of trash you can skip. Bulwark will get alot more difficult once you can interrupt his stuff,
best cards against humanity.
The Battle for Ilum Not too bad. One tough boss (Krel).
The False Emperor Can skip and creatively eliminate lots of trash (knock them off, etc), and bosses are really easy.